Formic Acid85

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FORMIC ACID

Formic acid is a colourless transparent fuming liquid with a strong irritating odour. It is a strong acid. It can dissolve with water in any proportion and form an azeotropic mixture higher than the boiling point of both. Mutually soluble with many organic solvents, but insoluble in hydrocarbons. Combustible, when stored for a long time above 30℃, formic acid will decompose slowly and release carbon monoxide. Its vapour forms explosive mixture with air, which can cause combustion and explosion when exposed to open fire and high heat. It can react with strong oxidising agents. Strong corrosiveness. Corrodes aluminium, cast iron, steel, some plastics, rubber and paint.

Formic acid is a weak monobasic acid (weak electrolyte) that dissociates into formate and hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, with a dissociation constant of 1.8 × 10-4 at 298.15 K, making it as acidic as hydrofluoric acid (Ka = 6.3 × 10-4). HCOOH ⇌ HCOO- + H+ pKa = 3.75 Formic acid can therefore be neutralised by certain hydroxides (e.g. ammonia monohydrate, sodium hydroxide, copper hydroxide, calcium hydroxide), metal oxides (e.g., sodium oxide, magnesium oxide), carbonates (e.g., sodium carbonate), and bicarbonates (e.g., sodium bicarbonate) to formate and water, and it can also be displaced by metal monomers (e.g., sodium, zinc, and magnesium) to produce hydrogen gas (to formate). Formic acid is one of the basic organic chemical materials, widely used in pesticides, leather, dyes, pharmaceuticals and rubber industries. Formic acid can be directly used in fabric processing, tanning, textile dyeing and green feed storage, but also can be used as a metal surface treatment agent, rubber additives and industrial solvents. In organic synthesis for the synthesis of various formic acid esters, acridine dyes and formamide series of pharmaceutical intermediates.

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